Otto von Guericke, German physicist and inventor, 1649.

GERMANY - SEPTEMBER 09: Photogravure after an engraving by Cornelis Galle, after a painting by Anselmus van Hulle, of Otto von Guericke (1602-1686) German inventor of the vacuum pump. Guericke, an engineer in the Swedish army, made improvements to a water pump so that it would exhaust air from a container. He gave dramatic demonstrations of the effects produced by the resulting reduction in pressure. He also devised the first recorded electrostatic machine. From a collection of portraits of scientists published by Photographische Gesellschaft, Berlin, 1910. (Photo by SSPL/Getty Images)